Monday, September 30, 2019

Evaluation of a multiprofessional community stroke team Essay

The study aims to conclusively evaluate how effective it is to employ a specialist community stroke team for the rehabilitation of stroke victims in a community based setting. This is clearly established at within the opening lines of the article. In the summary at the beginning of the article the author claims that the available evidence is inconclusive and his aim is to provide conclusive proof with regards to evidence based practise for the patient. A research article should state its’ aims clearly and should assume the audience has no previous background knowledge (Greenhalg, 2006). The literature reviewed in this article was from a variety of sources such as the Cochrane database and a selection of journal articles. On this basis the authors were able to deduce that previous research carried out provided contradicting reports. For example Roderick et al (2001) as cited by Lincoln et al (2004) found no significant difference in the effectiveness of rehabilitation which had taken place in the home to that which had occurred in a hospital setting. On the contrary Gladman et al (1993) as cited by Lincoln et al (2004) found a significant difference in a small group of younger patients. It was also suggested that there was a shift of focus from mainly hospital based rehabilitation to community based rehabilitation of stroke patients. According to Polger and Thomas (2008) a literature review should provide appropriate background information. That is, it should show the current knowledge level in that area of study. The author appears to have utilised much of his own previous work in the study and some are more than ten years old. This could possibly be an indication that indeed, there is a large gap in knowledge of this subject area. On the other hand it may indicate that the author has done a selective search of the literature. A quantitative approach was utilised in this study and the method used was a Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT). The articles’ methodology was well documented. According to Sim and Wright (2000) an analytic study attempts to quantify the relationship between two factors, that is, the effect of an intervention or exposure on an outcome. A term used to describe the design randomized controlled trial according to Greenhalgh (2006) is Parallel group comparison. This is when each group receives a different treatment and both are entered into the experiment at the same time. By comparing the groups an analysis is provided. In the Lincoln et al (2004) study Participants were divided into two groups, A and B with the former receiving routine care while the latter received the intervention – rehabilitation with the multi-professional community stroke team. The question posed by the authors could have been answered using a qualitative approach. The question could possible state; Evaluation of a multiprofessional community stroke team: a phenomenological study. SAMPLE Altman (1991) states that a study should have enough participants recruited in order to detect a significant effect if one exists. The sample group consisted of patients referred to the Nottingham Community Stroke Team who had suffered a stroke within the last two years, who were over sixteen years old and needed intervention from more than one multidisciplinary team member. Patients who lived outside the geographical area and/or had been treated by the community stroke team in the preceding two years were excluded. Four hundred and twenty eight patients were randomly selected at the start of the trial and randomly allocated to either Group A or Group B. An error resulted in seven people being recruited twice. This error was corrected by including only the outcome of their initial recruitment when the results were being analyzed. The target population of this study is relatively clearly defined (patients who have had a stroke within last two years, over the age of sixteen, etc†¦ ) and lends credence to the external validity of the study (Payton, 1994). According to Sim and Wright (2000) the accessible population is the portion of the target population that is available to the researcher and the sample is then taken from this accessible population. The groups are similar to each other with regards to gender and age distribution; this also increases the validity of the study as this similarity reduces the variables of the study. The overall population was a convenience sample which was then randomized to two groups. Six months after randomization all the patients were sent a letter asking them to consent to being in a study to evaluate the input of a community stroke team. According to Lincoln et al (2004) the consent forms and outcome questionnaires were sent this late so as to reduce bias. It was thought that group A which was receiving routine care would have lower expectations if confronted with the realization that the alternate group may receive superior care. Some would possibly insist on being referred to the specialist community stroke team The Local Research Ethics Committee granted ethical approval for this study to go ahead. This indicates that the value of the research undertaken outweighed any harm that this consenting method may have caused as patients in Group A were still receiving routine care. However, the department of health has issued guidelines which state that participants must be consented and all pertinent information given prior to the start of any study. Data was collected via a questionnaire comprising of the Barthel Index, Extended ADL, General Health Questionnaire 12 (GHQ-12) and Euroquol. The participants were also asked to rate their knowledge of the expected extent of recovery from their stroke, and their overall satisfaction with the services they received from the community stroke team. The use of a questionnaire for data collection has both negative and positive aspects. Greenhalgh (2006) states that a questionnaire is an instrument used to measure human psychology, so whilst sending the questionnaire via post proves to be cost effective as the alternative would be to hold face to face interviews with the participants as focus groups or individually, it raises concerns about the reliability of the study. This is because the researcher is not present to interpret facial expressions and body language when the participants answer the questions. The alternative of conducting face to face interviews with such a large number of participants would prove to be costly and time consuming. However, according to Oppenheim (2003) long questionnaires are sometimes off putting and may generate low response rates, conducting these questionnaires via the postal service could possibly increase the likelihood of a low response rate. The results were shown as a table and diagram, the Mann-Whitney U-test which was used to compare the groups showed no significant differences on independence in personal or instrumental activities of daily living or on the patients’ mood. There was also no significant difference between the groups in their knowledge with regards to the resources available to assist them in adjusting to life after a stroke. There was also no difference between the two groups with overall satisfaction or in satisfaction with the practical helped received. However, patients in the Community Stroke Team were significantly more satisfied with the emotional care they received. (Lincoln et al, 2004) According to Wright et al (2009) the Mann-Whitney U-test is used when one group from the sample is larger than the other and when both samples are from the same population, as is the case with this study. There was no significant difference in carers’ mood between the two groups. However, the strain on carers of patients seen by the community stroke team was significantly less than that of carers of patients randomized to the routine care group. The carers of patients in the community stroke team group were significantly more satisfied with their knowledge of stroke and had higher overall satisfaction than the carers of those in the routine group. By utilizing the randomized controlled trial design the author lends credence to its validity as this design allows for the eradication of systematic bias. (Sim et al, 2000) This was done through the sampling process of selecting the participants from the target population and randomly allocating them to Group A which received routine care or Group B those in the care of the community stroke team. The collection of data by using a postal questionnaire helps to â€Å"blind† the researcher as he cannot influence the participants’ response. Although some participants did not respond to the questionnaire, others responded with incomplete forms, some died and a few were recruited twice, the author is cognizant of this and incorporates it into his findings. Crombie (2000) states that if the withdrawals and failures to respond can be seen as being consistent between both comparison groups then the results of the research will not be negatively impacted upon. This is because the results show that these failures are random among both groups and not specific to one. However one major fault is the fact that the services received by Group A were not collected due to impracticalities and unreliable recollections of the patients. Critical appraisal is not just an exercise in fault finding, it is the analysis of these faults and the assessment of their potential impact on the research which allows the reader to come to a decision regarding the strength or usefulness of the article being critiqued. In order for the research results to be utilized in clinical practice its’ reliability and validity are essential aspects which need to be covered. (Polger and Thomas, 2008) This article shows a research that was methodically sound and well designed. The sample was representative of the population being examined and attempts were made to minimize bias. The author was aware of the shortfalls of this research and attempted to incorporate this in his findings however, most of the issues identified did not affect the results of the study. The study if repeated would provide comparable results. However, the author states that the study provides evidence supporting the use of a community based stroke team to assist in the rehabilitation of stroke patients because of the increased emotional support for patients and greater satisfaction and reduced strain on carers. This statement would have been better justified on results from a qualitative study as this type of study aims to interpret people’s emotional and psychological response to the intervention or interventions being employed. The results from such a study would be closer to the patients’ and carers true feelings as the methodology behind that study would be different.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Modeling and Remodeling Theory Essay

Nursing as a discipline follows certain rules or general procedures in their practice. Usually, the nursing process involves five phases starting with the assessment of the patient’s condition, followed by a diagnosis meant to identify the health problem of the patient. Afterwards, a planning phase would ensue wherein the nurse and the patient would discuss the possible course of action with respect to the patient’s condition. When an agreement was made, the process would proceed to the implementing phase in which goal/s would be set and achieved. The final phase known as the evaluation phase happens when the goals are being achieved to identify whether the plan was successfully followed or to identify why the goals were not achieved in case of failure. Overall, the whole nursing process had been known as ADPIE. It was regarded as a step-by-step approach in the nursing profession aimed at solving the patients’ problem (Keogh and Richards, 2008). Nursing, like other body of knowledge, encounters several forms of knowledge. Haynes and colleagues cited Carper’s fundamental patterns of knowing to summarize what knowledge are incorporated in the nursing process. According to Carper, it involves empirical knowing which is observable and uses scientific data, information and processes. Next on Carper’s list was aesthetic knowing, which reflects the claim about nursing as a form of art that involves empathy, care and compassion (Haynes and colleagues, 2003). Another type of knowing is ethical knowing, that deals with decision-making regarding morality such as what the right thing to do and what must be done? The last type was personal knowing which involves the personal values and beliefs that can help nurses grasp meaning and create decisions required in their profession. When Erickson and colleagues devised the Modelling and Role Modelling Theory of nursing, they took into consideration what nurses do and how they do it (Haynes and colleagues, 2003). They incorporate various philosophies and approaches into their theory which results into a more integrative approach. It resolved the conflict between nursing as a science or an art by infusing them into a single paradigm. The MRM theory was affected by prominent thinkers such as Maslow who identified human needs, Piaget with his idea of psychosocial development, Erickson, Winnicott and colleagues and their concept of loss and Selye and Engel who identified the individual’s responses to stress and its causes. From their ideas, Erickson and colleagues came up with the Adaptive Potential Assessment Model or APAM (Alligood and Tomey, 2006). In this model, nurses would first engage in modeling the client’s world by understanding the client’s experiences through the client’s perspective. This will be followed by role-modeling wherein the nurse would create plans and design possible interventions depending on the client’s unique needs. Role-modeling requires the â€Å"acceptance of the client while promoting development based on the client’s own model (Alligood and Tomey, 2006)†. Adaptation concerns how the client reacts to stressors. The APAM model distinguished three states in the process of adaptation: arousal, impoverishment and equilibrium. The APAM model helps the nurses to predict the â€Å"client’s potential to cope and mobilize self-care resources in response to stress (Alligood and Tomey, 2006)†. Self-care, typically involves making use of the patient’s â€Å"knowledge, resources and action† to improve his condition (Alligood and Tomey, 2006). MRM theory makes use and reflects Carper’s fundamental patterns of knowing. It promotes the role of the nursing as an art while utilizing scientific and social theories that expand the role of nurses by giving them authority to interpret and analyze the patient’s condition based on personal knowledge. The plan and implementation depends on the nurse’s relationship, acceptance and impression of the client. Overall, the MRM theory modified the nursing process by assimilating the patient’s needs and reaction into the nursing process.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Accounting Ðnvironmеnt

It is a difficult challÐ µngÐ µ to maintain sight of accounting-spÐ µcific topics whilÐ µ studying accounting in thÐ µ rich and complÐ µx socio-Ð µconomic contÐ µxt in which it occurs. In an attÐ µmpt to mÐ µÃ µt thÐ µ challÐ µngÐ µ, thÐ µ focus of thÐ µ accounting cyclÐ µ is to: (1) idÐ µntify charactÐ µristics that makÐ µ accounting information uniquÐ µ and (2) undÐ µrstand how accounting is donÐ µ, and study how that may bÐ µ a consÐ µquÐ µncÐ µ of how accounting is usÐ µd. (Paton and LittlÐ µton, 1989)As Ð µxamplÐ µs of thÐ µ first propÐ µrty, accounting data is aggrÐ µgatÐ µd–a small numbÐ µr of accounts summarizÐ µ thÐ µ information containÐ µd in a largÐ µ numbÐ µr of transactions. It is prÐ µparÐ µd in accordancÐ µ with doublÐ µ-Ð µntry rulÐ µs. It is auditÐ µd. It is trackÐ µd ovÐ µr multiplÐ µ pÐ µriods. It givÐ µs thÐ µ prÐ µparÐ µr of accounting rÐ µports a curious amount of discrÐ µtion (through thÐ µ choi cÐ µ of accruals). ThÐ µ accounting cyclÐ µ also strÐ µssÐ µs that accounting information oftÐ µn works bÐ µst whÐ µn usÐ µd in conjunction with othÐ µr information.( HorngrÐ µn, FostÐ µr and Datar, 2000)First thÐ µ accounting cyclÐ µ is prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd in its normal sÐ µquÐ µncÐ µ. That is, start with transactions, writÐ µ journal Ð µntriÐ µs, post to T-accounts, and prÐ µparÐ µ financial statÐ µmÐ µnts. WhilÐ µ this procÐ µss makÐ µs usÐ µ of doublÐ µ Ð µntry, it is unclÐ µar why doublÐ µ Ð µntry is bÐ µing usÐ µd. To dÐ µvÐ µlop a bÐ µttÐ µr apprÐ µciation for thÐ µ powÐ µr and bÐ µauty of doublÐ µ Ð µntry, onÐ µ turns to rÐ µvÐ µrsÐ µ Ð µnginÐ µÃ µring. That is, start with financial statÐ µmÐ µnts and dÐ µrivÐ µ transaction amounts that could havÐ µ gÐ µnÐ µratÐ µd thÐ µ statÐ µmÐ µnts. Working backward to uncovÐ µr transactions (thÐ µ invÐ µrting Ð µxÐ µrcisÐ µ) complÐ µmÐ µnts thÐ µ morÐ µ traditional approach of working forward from transactions to financial statÐ µmÐ µnts.OthÐ µr propÐ µrtiÐ µs (and advantagÐ µs) of doublÐ µ Ð µntry can thÐ µn bÐ µ Ð µxplorÐ µd. First, it allows for a convÐ µniÐ µnt rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntation of information rÐ µtainÐ µd and supprÐ µssÐ µd during thÐ µ accounting cyclÐ µ. SÐ µcond, it allows for a visual-dirÐ µctÐ µd graph rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntation, which makÐ µs somÐ µ wÐ µll-known nÐ µtwork flow rÐ µsults accÐ µssiblÐ µ. (Paton and LittlÐ µton, 1989)An application of thÐ µsÐ µ rÐ µsults is prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd in thÐ µ contÐ µxt of auditing. In fact, thÐ µ auditing Ð µxamplÐ µ lÐ µnds somÐ µ illumination as to why accounting, and not othÐ µr information sourcÐ µs, is auditÐ µd. ThÐ µ kÐ µy again turns out to bÐ µ doublÐ µ Ð µntry.An advantagÐ µ of thÐ µ invÐ µrtibility Ð µxÐ µrcisÐ µ is that it allows accÐ µss to, and rÐ µlativÐ µly transparÐ µnt applications of, a numbÐ µr of thÐ µorÐ µms in appliÐ µd mathÐ µmatics. ThÐ µ invÐ µrting procÐ µss is, aftÐ µr all, solving a systÐ µm of linÐ µar Ð µquations and inÐ µqualitiÐ µs, a systÐ µm givÐ µn a spÐ µcial structurÐ µ by doublÐ µ-Ð µntry mÐ µchanics. ЕxamplÐ µs of thÐ µorÐ µms Ð µncountÐ µrÐ µd arÐ µ thÐ µ thÐ µorÐ µm of thÐ µ sÐ µparating hypÐ µrplanÐ µ, thÐ µ duality thÐ µorÐ µms of linÐ µar programming, thÐ µ max flow-min cut algorithm, and projÐ µction thÐ µorÐ µms. (HorngrÐ µn, FostÐ µr, and Datar, 2000)Applying thÐ µ thÐ µorÐ µms in a doublÐ µ-Ð µntry contÐ µxt typically allows a convÐ µniÐ µnt visual rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntation Ð µvÐ µn of high-dimÐ µnsion problÐ µms. AggrÐ µgation is a pÐ µrvasivÐ µ thÐ µmÐ µ in accounting. It occurs in managÐ µrial accounting tÐ µxtbooks, cost accounting, tax accounting, and financial accounting. This coursÐ µ bÐ µgins by introducing dÐ µcision problÐ µms in which thÐ µ cost of aggrÐ µgation is Ð µxplicitly d Ð µtÐ µrminÐ µd. ThÐ µ coursÐ µ can thÐ µn discuss sÐ µttings in which aggrÐ µgation is actually dÐ µsirablÐ µ.A furthÐ µr advantagÐ µ of thÐ µ visual rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntation is that various invÐ µrtibility Ð µxÐ µrcisÐ µs can bÐ µ conductÐ µd on publishÐ µd financial statÐ µmÐ µnts. This is a convÐ µniÐ µnt way to Ð µnsurÐ µ that rÐ µal-world financial statÐ µmÐ µnts (and Ð µvÐ µry linÐ µ itÐ µm thÐ µrÐ µfrom) arÐ µ an important part of thÐ µ discussion. (Paton and LittlÐ µton, 1989)GÐ µnÐ µralizing thÐ µ thÐ µorÐ µms bÐ µyond a doublÐ µ-Ð µntry contÐ µxt allows accÐ µss to othÐ µr rÐ µlatÐ µd problÐ µms and rÐ µsults. For Ð µxamplÐ µ, gÐ µnÐ µral Ð µquilibrium and thÐ µ wÐ µlfarÐ µ thÐ µorÐ µms of Ð µconomics can bÐ µ discussÐ µd in a sÐ µmi-rigorous fashion in thÐ µ contÐ µxt of a linÐ µar production Ð µconomy.RÐ µfÐ µrÐ µncÐ µsHorngrÐ µn, C., G. FostÐ µr, and S. Datar. (2000). Cost Accounting. UppÐ µr SaddlÐ µ RivÐ µr, NJ: PrÐ µnticÐ µ Hall. Paton, W., and A. LittlÐ µton. (1989). An Introduction to CorporatÐ µ Accounting Stan.. dards. Sarasota, FL: AmÐ µrican Accounting Association.  

Friday, September 27, 2019

PBS series America Revealed Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PBS series America Revealed - Research Paper Example The episode on ‘Food Machine’ enlightens viewers regarding farming and supply of different food items in the country. The extensive supply chain through which farmed food items go through is elaborated and challenges are discussed. The episode is certainly an eye opener with regards to the overall food industry of the country. Most people while consuming food items don’t consider the effort that goes into the farming and distribution of vegetables, fruits, and other food items. The overall process is highly sophisticated and includes many valuable lessons with respect to supply chain management. The episode revealed a very important fact that efficiency of supply chain depends upon the effective work of all units working in the supply chain. Another important thing that one can learn from the episode is the strong association between planning and successful operations management. The third important thing that one can pick from the episode is that production can b e increased through infusing technology in the supply chain effectively. Efficiency of Supply Chain and Role of Individual Working Units The sophisticated food supply chain of United States is working effectively and efficiently just because all the individual working units in the supply chain are perfectly synchronized. The most important thing in supply chain management is to make sure that all the players involved in the chain are working effectively because time lag at any level can disrupt the whole change and can reduce efficiency. This is what the episode on food production teaches the audience. A pizza is enjoyed by a consumer because farmers grow the required vegetables in time and supply them to the markets from where they go to pizza stores. The whole process involves many small players upon whom the efficiency of supply chain is dependent. Even if one of them do not work hard enough then the end consumer will suffer. Supply chain management is only efficient when no extra time is consumed on any individual unit in the supply chain. This is only possible when all individual players do their job on time fla wlessly. The episode tells us how farmers are working day and night in producing food items that find place in markets all over the country. The synchronization between all players is the most important thing because without it nothing can work in the food industry. Synchronization of all players in the supply chain is most significant as it is the only thing that can increase efficiency of a supply chain (Khouja, 984). Link between Planning and Effective Supply Chain Management The episode revealed that long term planning is essential in order to develop an effective supply chain. It was all because of extensive planning in 1940s that California was able to get the necessary water required for farming. Without this long term planning of the government, farmers of the area would never have been able to develop so much. It is essential in supply chain management to plan many years ahead of time and anticipate future needs and demands. Government made dams and developed irrigation sys tem in order to support farmers and this is how production increased significantly. All this was possible due to extensive long term planning of the government. Long term planning in supply chain management is important today because demands are ever changing and consumers are demanding news thing every day. The trick is to anticipate this demand and develop an effective supply chain that can fulfill the demands of the consumers. Long term planning is an important part of effective supply chain management (Spekman, Kamauff, & Myhr, 53).This is one of the most significant things one can learn from the episode because all the production of food items became possible through dams and canals planned by the government many years ago. People of today are bearing the fruits of this long term pl

Thursday, September 26, 2019

African American Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

African American - Assignment Example huge steps in the lives of African Americans but transitioning from slavery to freedom required some assistance hence creation of the Freedman’s Bureau. The Freedman’s Bureau sought to assist African Americans to access education, food, and health services. Moreover, the Freedman’s Bureau presided over conflicts between African Americans and whites and also negotiated labor terms between white and blacks. With freedom, there came tremendous positive results mainly for African Americans. For instance, African Americans were allowed to own property and commensurate pay for work. For the first time, African Americans were allowed to seek for jobs in white color industry. Moreover, African Americans were allowed to access educational facilities and advance their education. This later saw establishment on black schools and colleges, some which were taught by African American teachers. Ownership of property such as land and access to education was facilitated by the Freedman’s Bureau. Moreover, freedom brought sexual harassment of African American women to an end. Ending slavery also made it possible for the African Americans to move freely to all desired locations. It is also important to note that after abolition of slavery increased production significantly hence boosting the American economy. However, end of slavery also brought new challenges for the American community. For instance, some of the whites experienced land displacement as one of the civil war aftermath. The aging white community found change of lifestyle challenging hence reducing life expectancy significantly. There were also instances of violence due to efforts to oppose slavery end while in some instances African American would express hostility towards the white men. As Americans experience the rule by Barrack Obama, it is a sweet reckon for African Americans as they fathom the challenging path from slavery to modern

Essay Questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Questions - Essay Example The religious paradigms and strong ethical and moral values are intrinsic to the academic curricula that motivate students towards academic integrity and empathy towards others. The value based education in PLNU is one of the most cherished factors that would help me to fulfill my long term goals of serving community with high degree of commitment and in promoting ethically delivered objectives and goals. In the current environment of fast paced life, the PLNU helps one to be grounded in the reality of human relationship that transcends social barriers of class, creed and region. The value based educational programs would hugely help to overcome the challenges of life. I believe that diversity is hugely important on the college campus mainly because the globalization has ushered in the multicultural society that includes people coming from diverse background of culture, race, color, class and nationality. Diversity within the campus would equip students with unmatched understanding of cross cultural values and help develop mutual respect and love. These would hugely help them in their professional lives when they are working across the globe and interact with people from different culture. (words:

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Final Film Critique Momento Mori Research Paper

Final Film Critique Momento Mori - Research Paper Example This might be a straightforward suspense thriller if not for the inversion of the usual chronology of a narrative. Rather than begin with the traumatic event, or early in the story with a few flashbacks to the traumatic event, the movie begins instead at its chronological ending, with Leonard enacting his revenge with the polarizing aid of a Polaroid camera. The story then proceeds in reverse, through a series of events in which each successive event precedes chronologically the event it follows. In effect, the movie mirrors the memory disorder that afflicts its main character. Leonard maintains a pretense of continuity through a series of tattoos that define his identity and his purpose and photographs that provide basic information about the people and objects with which he must interact. Equipped with these two modes of visual inscription, Shelby uses â€Å"habit and routine† to make his â€Å"life possible.† This essay will offer a detailed criticism of the film foc using on three themes: the double constitution of the film's protagonist, the fate of Teddy as decided by the objects around him, and the unique position the audience is placed in if and when they become aware of the climactic â€Å"error† of the film. ... But if his mind suffers from his strange amnesia, his body remains as a canvass on which to archive those questions of identity that haunt the agency lost along with his memory. Some tattoos provide routines by which to self-identify his disorder (â€Å"remember Sally Jankis†) while others provide information (the series of â€Å"Facts†) about the mysterious John G. responsible for his wife’s death. This cognitive road-map is in many was not nearly as striking and fetishized as it seems to be when it first appears on screen; in reality, it represents merely a more dramatic version of the same externalized memory technologies we have depended upon since the origin of writing. We use these external and technological memory systems to help make sense of the world around us, given that there is so much of the world we do not understand and far too much of the world for us to ever easily remember. In a book titled Impossible Exchange, Jean Baudrillard argues that huma nity, unable to deal with the radical uncertainty of the world, attempts instead to liquidate it, â€Å"to destroy it by substituting an artificial one, built from scratch, a world for which we do not have to account to anyone† (2001, p. 14). Given the doubts we have about the world, we prefer to find solace in the â€Å"simulacra and simulations† of places like Disney or religion or particular versions of history (Baudrillard, 1994), rather than face the reality that we do not know any of these things for sure. This is exactly what takes place in Memento with Shelby's tattoo work. Thus, Shelby’s attempt to use his skin as a place to store his memory is not as remarkable for its strangeness as it is for its banality: in a culture defined by the seasonal rotation of

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Intimate Partner Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Intimate Partner Violence - Essay Example It occurs on a continuum, ranging from one hit that may or may not impact the victim to chronic, severe battering. Victims of domestic violence who are overwhelmingly women, are at high risk for mental problems (Intimate partner violence: Intervention in primary health settings by Carlson and McNutt, 1998). There are four main types of intimate partner violence (Intimate partner violence surveillance: uniform definitions and recommended data elements by Saltzman et al. 2002): Physical violence is the intentional use of physical force with the potential for causing death, disability, injury, or harm. Physical violence includes, but is not limited to, scratching; pushing; shoving; throwing; grabbing; biting; choking; shaking; slapping; punching; burning; use of a weapon; and use of restraints or one's body, size, or strength against another person. Sexual violence is divided into three categories: 1) use of physical force to compel a person to engage in a sexual act against his or her will, whether or not the act is completed; 2) attempted or completed sex act involving a person who is unable to understand the nature or condition of the act, to decline participation, or to communicate unwillingness to engage in the sexual act, e.g., because of illness, disability, or the influence of alcohol or other drugs, or because of intimidation or pressure; and 3) abusive sexual contact. Psychological and emotionalIntimate Partner Violence 2 emotional violence may involve trauma to the victim caused by acts, threats of acts, or other coercive tactics. Compared to White women, Latinas tend to be younger, to have lower socioeconomic backgrounds and lower educational levels, factors that are known to increase intimate partner violence. (Sociodemographic predictors and cultural barriers to help-seeking behavior by Latina and Anglo American battered women by West, Kantor and Jasinski, 1998).In the field of practice, intimate partner violence among Latino households had increased over the years. Krishnan etal. (1997) in Documenting domestic violence among ethnically diverse populations: Results from a preliminary study, noted that approximately 61% of Anglo Americans reported experiencing partner violence in the past compared with 36.5% of Latina women in the U.S. There is a need to address the specific requirements of the Latina situation.I would like to focus on the frequency and extent of IPV in terms of the ethnic and soci odemographic data. The socioeconomic data I will propose are the age, gender, ethnicity and socioeconomic factors (SES). An added data that I will use is the data on past physical abuse and present physical abuse. The theoretical framework that I will use is the Anderson and Umberson framework which characterizes gender as performance. They found that the men in their study "attempted to construct masculine identities through the practice of violence and the discourse about their violence that they provide" (GENDERING VIOLENCE: Masculinity and Power in Men's Accounts of Domestic Violence by Anderson and Umberson 2001; 359). They also contend that the subjective accounts provided by men about their viole

Monday, September 23, 2019

Analysis of Ideology in a Chosen Film - Girl Interrupted Essay

Analysis of Ideology in a Chosen Film - Girl Interrupted - Essay Example She is weak, she finds herself drawn to same sex, and depressed. During her stay in the psychiatric hospital, Susanna becomes friend with other ward-mates; a group of different women who are faced with different mental disorders. Susanna’s real life journey in finding her identity, purpose of her being and coping with her personality disorders. The story of the movie holds different themes and set of ideologies in it. Each theme tells the viewer of the reality, a different yet bitter truth that is faced by majority of the young generation and everyday life of a person who has no focus and no direction in life and how world and the society stands against that downtrodden soul. This is a true story of Susanna Kaysen which was earlier published in the form of a book under the same title. However, Susanna has tried her level best to communicate with the audience directly about the problems she was faced with in her life through this movie. This movie unveils the different hidden l ayers in the personality of a young teenager girl which represents the overall young generation and their suffering in a very well directed manner. ... ot deny the fact that culture is the basic key element in the establishment of a society however; our culture has failed to give the rights and the proper status to the young generation which has left them unfocused, directionless and depressed with a blur future. It has been clearly shown in the movie that those young children who do not get enough love from their homes and attention from their parents become the victim of confusion, distress and with the passage of time their personalities become shattered. Strong language has been used in the film which shows that how mentally unstable women use language as a medium to vent out their emotions and feelings of hate and betrayal. It is a common fact that those children who do not get attention from home become use to of using strong language in their daily life because they lack the sense of respect and grace for others and for themselves. This film describes the role of parents in this regard that how their attitude can push their c hild into insanity. It is important to understand that female children are more prone to adopt compulsive personality as compare to males. Gender Exploitation: As the title of the movie says, â€Å"Girl Interrupted,† this movie revolves around the story of a female which is a victim of gender exploitation by the society and also by the culture. It is important to understand that women are the victim of discrimination; they are provided with limited choices with no significant importance given to them by the society. In today’s world, women are faced with prejudices and gender bias by majority of groups present in the society. Similarly, in the movie Susanna is shown as a weak gender which is the victim of inequality, betrayal and harassment. Majority of women are faced with mental stress

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Different Ways of Talking Essay Example for Free

Different Ways of Talking Essay What causes air pollution? What effects does air pollution have on the human body? Air pollution in the 21st century is becoming more and more serious in the world. This is especially an important problem to us of what effects does air pollution have on our healthy. This essay will explain what causes air pollution and outline the effects of air pollution on the human body. There are several factors that cause air pollution. The first factor is Ozone. As a report, Ozone forms as a product of solar energy and photochemical reactions of pollutants. It is easy that the highest concentrations of ozone in the atmosphere occur when sunlight is the highest temperature (Kleinman, 2000). In our daily life, vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, gasoline vapours are some of the most important sources of ozone (Air pollution, 2010). The second factor is Airborne Particles. It is from combustion sources, such as power plants and automobile (Kleinman, 2000). The mainly of airborne particle is from motor vehicles, wood burning heaters and industry (Air pollution, 2010). The third factor is Carbon Monoxide. Carbon Monoxide is from fuel combustion in industrial processes, Vehicle exhaust contributes most carbon monoxide emissions in our city (Air pollution, 2010). It also has some natural sources, such as bush fires, carbon monoxide levels typically are highest during cold weather, because cold temperatures make the less fires and make that pollutants close to the ground(Air pollution, 2010).In brief, the reason of air pollution is from our daily life, it is Ozone, Airborne Particles, Carbon Monoxide and other natural sources. On the other side, there are two effects of air pollution on the human body. One effect is the respiratory system. Air pollution can make the lung disease, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, chronic bronchitis. According to a report: People who living in community with high particle may have suppressed lung growth, moved into a city more clear, lung growth returned to normal rate(Air pollution, 2010). People who breathe in much carbon monoxide can cause the carbon monoxide poisoning (Kleinman, 2000). Another one effect is the cardiovascular system. For example, heart  disease, such as chest pain for discomfort, partially blocked arteries (Air pollution,2010). As a report, Carbon monoxide enters the bloodstream through the lung and binds to haemoglobin, the substance in blood that carries oxygen to cells. So carbon monoxide reduces the amount of oxygen reach the bodys organs and tissues (Air pollution, 2010). Air pollution also have other effects such as wheezing, coughing, chest pain, dry throat, headache and increased fatigue. To sum up, air pollution have effects on our respiratory system and cardiovascular system. To conclusion, there have three conditions cause air pollution, for example, Ozone, Airborne Particles and Carbon Monoxide. Air pollution can cause the respiratory system problems and cardiovascular system problems on human body, such as lung disease, carbon monoxide poisoning and heart disease. However, people should change their diet, keep the city more green. Everyone can be able to be affected by air pollution when pollutants have the higher concentrations. A serious problem is finding the way how to deal with Ozone, Airborne Particles and Carbon Monoxide. And control the hurt from air pollution. Reference Lists Air pollution, n.d., NSW Health, NSW Department of Health, Viewed 27th August 2010 http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/PublicHealth/environment/air/air pollution.asp Kleinman, T 2000, The health effects of air pollution on children, South Coast Air Quality Management District, viewed 27th August 2000 http://www.aqmd.gov/forstudents/health effects on children.htm#WhatCanBeDone Word count: 637

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Gay and Lesbian Acceptance in Society

Gay and Lesbian Acceptance in Society There are obvious outgrowing numbers of gays and lesbians communities in our country and all over the world. People become increasingly engaged into homosexual affiliations. Many variables influence the emergence of sexuality in all young people. These variables are changes in biological processes, relationships and community interactions. The level of acceptance between gays and lesbians has changed over the years. The researchers would like to determine the level of acceptance of the society between gays and lesbians. This study was conducted with the purpose of analyzing the factors that lead to the acceptance of society between gays and lesbians. This study identified the variables and factors influencing and may affect the societys level of acceptance between gays and lesbians. Statement of the Problem The study aimed to determine the factors that lead to the acceptance of the society between gays and lesbians. Specifically, it sought to determine the following: What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of: age? sex? civil status? religion? educational attainment? What are the attitudes and behaviours of gays and lesbians which contributes to the level of acceptance of the society? What are the factors that influence the emergence of being homosexual individual? What are the challenges faced by lesbians and gays on the acceptance of the society? How the respondents are reacting to communities of gays and lesbians? Significance of the Study The study has significance to gays and lesbians, as they will be aware of the level of acceptance of the society to them and the factors that contribute to the willingness of the society towards them. To the parents, that they will be aware of the condition of their children, as the findings were presented to them, they will be encouraged to improve their views and beliefs regarding homosexuality. To the society, that they will be aware of the happenings to the homosexual based on their opinions, beliefs, and views, as they give it in relation to their acceptance and may find ways to improve the level of acceptance between gays and lesbians. Scope, Delimitations Limitations of the Study The respondents of this study include 25 lesbians, 25 gays, 25 parents of either lesbian or gay, and 25 individuals who have gay/ lesbian friends. They will be asked regarding attitudes and behaviours of homosexuals which contribute to their level of acceptance in the society. They will be given chances to give their opinions, views and beliefs regarding homosexuality. Definition of Terms The terms included in the research paper will be defined to facilitate understanding of the study. Lesbian. Homosexual woman; the condition in which a woman is sexually attracted to, or engages in sexual behaviour with another woman. Gay. Homosexual man; the condition in which man is sexually attracted to, or engages in sexual behaviour with another man. Homosexuality. The condition of being sexually attracted, covertly, or overtly, by members of ones own sex. Society. Organized and interdependent community. Morality. Degree of conformity to moral principles. Acceptance. Willingness to accept. CHAPTER 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter includes discussion on related literature and studies both foreign and local, which provides relevant facts about the societys level of acceptance between gays and lesbians. It also aims to determine the level of acceptance from past to present. Foreign Studies On the study conducted by the researchers at the Kaiser Family Foundation entitled Inside- out : A report on the Experiences of Lesbians, Gays and Bisexuals in America and the Publics Views on Issues and Advices Related to Sexual Orientation. The are two national public opinion surveys: one, to gather information on the experiences of seslf-identified lesbians, gays and bisexuals: and the second to gauge the general publics attitudes towards this group and their views on key policy issues related to sexual orientation. They did it to determine where the public really stands. Researchers found out that large majority of self-identified lesbians, gays, and bisexuals believe that there is more acceptance today compared to a few years ago. One third from their respondents say that their family or a family member has refused to accept them. According to the research, lesbians are more likely to report not having been accepted by their families. It was found out that majority of the general public reports knowing someone who is gay, lesbian or bisexual believes that there is more acceptance of lesbians and gays today compared to a few years ago. Most say that greater acceptance is either good for the country or does not matter one way or the other. The majority also believes that homosexual behavior is a normal part of some peoples sexuality. Individuals age 65 and older those with a high school education or less and those who do not have lesbian and gay co-workers, friends or family members are least likely to have accepting attitudes towards lesbians, gays, and bisexuals. Religious affiliation also has significant effect on attitudes and level of acceptance. Overall, the public is increasing accepting gays and lesbians in the society. On the study conducted by Elizabeth Mehren entitled Homosexuals finding more Acceptance. Poll says states that gays and lesbians have experienced a dramatic rise in acceptance over the last two decades, according to a new Los Angeles Times Poll-2004. In ltwo Los Angeles Times polls in the mid- 1980s and other data from the same era, the level of sympathy toward gays and lesbians was half what it is today. Researchers found out that gay people in general are feeling more comfortable in society and society is feeling more comfortable with gay people. The study revealed that 62 percent say their community accepts gays and lesbians. Based on the survey conducted by the members of the Public Agenda Organization entitled Ambivalence and Mixed Messages, acceptance of gays and lesbians has risen significantly, and currently about half of Americans say homosexuality should be an acceptable lifestyle. Survey questions about whether American society should accept homosexuality often draw different responses depending on the examples mentioned which is an indication of public ambivalence. Questions that raise the issue of fair treatment typically draw much higher levels of public support. For instance, substantial majorities of Americans say they support equal protection for homosexuals against hate crimes and equal rights in terms of housing and jobs. surveys show that slight majorities say a gay person could be a good role model and as good a parent as anyone, yet they are divided on whether they would allow a homosexual to baby-sit their child and half say they oppose allowing gay couples to adopt. The survey conducted by the faculty staff of The University of Arizona entitled Equitys 1992 Campus Climate Report was aimed to investigate the climate for gays, lesbians, and bisexuals on campus. Majority of their sample comprised of heterosexuals. They allow their respondents to rate in the scale of 1-10 on every question. As a result, majority placed 8 to 10 range on the level of acceptance with the women expressing high level of acceptance than men. Respondents employment status had no significant impact on the acceptance scale, with no major differences surfacing among faculty, staff, and graduate students. They also asked if their religion influences their views on homosexuality; seventeen percent of the respondents marked yes. But not only religion appeared to influence people toward negative views. A series of items asked respondents to characterize the level of respect shown for gays, lesbians, and bisexuals by others in their department, specifically their immediate superv isor, co-workers, department head, and students. All in all, the responses to questions about respect levels in departments reveal that the immediate environment for gay, lesbian, and bisexual members of the University is not a particularly good one, but that department heads and supervisors show generally higher levels of respect than co-workers and students. Justin J. Jagosh, in his thesis entitled Moving toward understanding and acceptance: Parents experiences after finding out their children are gay, lesbian, and bisexual aimed to explore how the parents will accept their childs sexuality. Through qualitative inquiry, 12 Canadian parents (7 mothers and 5 fathers) were interviewed to develop an in-depth analysis of their thoughts, feelings, and actions in relation to having gay, lesbian, and bisexual children. He found out that parents went through a process of understanding and acceptance, in which they made sense of past experiences they had with their children, reacted emotionally to finding out, changed their perspectives on issues, and shared their experiences with others. There are still hindering factors but with the strategies suggested in which researchers, educators, health professionals, media personnel, parent support groups, and parents themselves can use like some mentioned above, it will not be difficult for parents to un derstand and accept their gay, lesbian, and bisexual children. Foreign studies On the book overview of Lesbian, Gay and bisexual identities and youth by Anthony R. OAngelli, Charlotte Patterson explore the psychological dimentions of lesbian, gay and bisexual identities from puberty to adulthood. There are changes in biological processes, relationship and community interactions influence the emergence of sexuality in all young people. The article, Chasing the Rainbow; Is a Gay Population an Engine of Urban Revival? Cities are beginning to think so by Richard Florida sees that openness to the gay community is a good indication of the low entry barriers to human capital that are so important to spurring creativity and generating high-tech growth. The homosexuality represents the last last frontier of diversity in our society, and thus a place that welcomes the gay community welcomes all kinds of people. Also an article in New Zealand by the LGBT organization on that country which is entitled A Civil Union Ceremony in Wellington last December 20006 states that New Zealand society is generally fairly relaxed in acceptance of gays and lesbians. The gay-friendly is epitomized by the fact that there are several Member if Parliament who belong to the LGBT community, gay rights are protected by the New Zealand Human Rights Act. And New Zealand is relatively small population. The LGBT community is small, but still visible, with Pride festivals and LGBT events held around the country throughout the year. Local Literature J. Neil C. Garcia in his book Philippine Gay Culture: The Last Thirty Years, Binabae to Bakla, Silahis to MSM tackles the perception of Filipinos to gays and lesbians from the last thirty years. The anxiety of Western civilization toward its many different genders- not just masculine and feminine-finds its fecund expression in the varieties of camp (butch/femme) and transvestisms (macho, queer, transvestophilic, transgenderist, etc.) which, over the last century, have come to be institutionalized as legitimate self-expressions within the gay and lesbian cultures of the United States, Europe and Australia, This anxiety is deeply rooted in the Judeo-Christian metaphysical tradition which, until recently, was a rather inexorable force in the Western subjects life. On the other hand, this study has argued that the Philippines has its own dualist tradition in respect of sexual identity, and although it would seem that the effeminate bakla and the mannish tomboy attest to the fluidity of g ender concepts and roles in our culture, at the level of desire they merely reinforce the babae and the lalake, whose pale reflections they are. Rafael cannot be farther from the truth when he ascribes to kabaklaan the parodic and self-reflexive character which it doesnt (yet) possess. As things stand, the dominant conception of the bakla identity strictly confines the bakla to an agonistic effeminacy (a poor copy of femininity). In fact, the masculine bakla is simply unthinkable. He therefore must be a closet case, or a double-dealing fraud (silahis). Suffice it to say, then, that at the core of the social construction of the bakla is coreness itself. As a recent ethnography reiterates, the bakla is a man with a womans heart who, like a real woman, deeply desires a real man to be happy. The silence of local psychological institutions in the early sixties about homosexuality and homosexual counseling seems strange, given that globally, the problems of adolescent homosexuals never fail to make it in the agenda of any conference on juvenile mental health (for only obvious reasons). By the rest of the 1960s, as well as the early seventies, however, this situation had palpably changed, and homosexuality was made to belong under the aegis of psychological science, as may be proven by the existence of positivist works on it which were written around this time. (A partial listing of the sundry academic studies on homosexuality in the Philippines is included in the last section of this book). The consequence of this is the renewed and intensified medical psychopathologization of the bakla as inversions homosexual: a man whose psychological being does not coincide with his anatomic sex. Only this time, his sexuality has become the central defining feature of his by now psycho sexually inverted identity. He concluded that the bakla is the only kind of (male) homosexual Philippine culture has, relatively speaking, known; and therefore also the only (male) homosexual Philippine culture has discriminated against and/or dismissed as sick, deviant and sinful-as bakla, precisely. Any local text proclaiming itself gay or homosexual cannot help but relate itself to and to situate itself within kabaklaan, hence. CHAPTER 3 Methods and Procedure Research Methodology The researcher used descriptive method in the study. Descriptive method of research is a fact finding study with sufficient and accurate interpretation of the findings. It describes what is. It describes with emphasis what actually exist such as current condition, situation practices, or any phenomena. Since the study is concerned in the Analysis on the acceptance of the society between gays/lesbians. Subjects of the Study The researchers chose 100 respondents divided into four categories. These composed of 25 gays, 25 lesbians,25 parents of gays or lesbians and 25 individuals who have gays or lesbians friends. The Sampling Technique The researchers used simple random sampling and the size of the population is 200 and the study of population is people who have known a friend or any related of gay and lesbians also the respondents and the parents. Sample: 25 respondents 25 gays 25 lesbians 25 parents Those 25 to sum up of 100 is from the population of 200 and was chosen by simple random sampling. Procedure of Data Gathering The researchers used in the method of collecting data is normative survey, researchers used this for its very effective and looking for the commonalities of the said subject. This would be the best and most appropriate method to use in data gathering. Statistical Treatment of Data The role of the statistical treatment of data in research. The researchers is considering much in the age and gender also their state of consciousness and the rationality and also the emotion are being needed through the research.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Merger And Acquisitions Of The Apple Company Commerce Essay

Merger And Acquisitions Of The Apple Company Commerce Essay Apple is an American multinational organization that design and manufactures computer softwares, consumer electronics and commercial servers. The corporation is best known about hardware products. Established in April 1, 1976 and called Apple Computer, Inc. Apple Computer, Inc. located in Cupertino, California, designs, manufactures, and markets personal computers (PCs) and related software, peripherals, and personal computing and communicating solutions. Apple is a affiliate of the SP 500 and the NASDAQ 100. Its goods include the Macintosh procession of desktop and notebook computers, the Mac OS X working scheme, the iPod digital tune player, and a collection of software and marginal products for teaching, original, customer, and business clientele. Apple sells its products during its online supplies, direct sales power, intermediary wholesalers and resellers, and its possessing retail supplies. Since of September 24, 2005, Apple function 116 stores in the United States, and 8 additional supplies in Canada, Japan, and the UK. In adding to its personal hardware and software products, Apples retail supplies hold a diversity of intermediary hardware and software products. Revenues for the era ending September 2005 were $13.9 billion, up 69 percent from September 2004 and up 124 percent beginning September 2003. Apple Computer is dedicated to defensive the surroundings, strength and safety of our workforce, clients and the worldwide societies where we control. We know that by integrating resonance ecological, fitness and safety administration practices into all feature of our trade, we can suggest technologically inventive products and services while preserve and attractive resources for future inventions. Apple struggle for everlasting enhancement in our ecological, fitness and safety administration systems and in the environmental excellence of our products, procedure and services. Apple has established a unique reputation in the consumer electronics industry. 1. CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH MERGER ACQUISION ACTIVITY THE OPTIMAL ENTRY MODE INTO A NEW INTERNATIONAL MARKET. Cross-Border Merger Acquisitions implementation is an art, not a science. Each situation is unique and presents its own set of problems and potential solutions but it is in fact viable vehicles for international strategy. Source: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/mergerandacquisitions.asp The globalization of business over the past decade has spawned a search for competitive advantage that is worldwide in scale. Companies have followed their customers who are going global themselves as they respond to the pressures of obtaining scale in a rapidly consolidating global economy. In combination with other trends, such as increased deregulation, privatization, and corporate restructuring, globalization has spurred an unprecedented surge in cross-border amalgamation and acquisition activity. Cross-border mergers and acquisitions are an essential part of the speed up profitable globalization of our time. Cross-border business deal quantity now account for approximately one-third of worldwide MA activity and this figure will only augment as business world-wide continues to increase. The compound lawful matters to be handled in such business deal include the management of dissimilar impression of business authority and capital market system in the laws concerned, as reflect by the strong discuss on MA law creation within the European Union. Mergers and acquisitions  (MA) and company reform are a big division of the corporate finance world. Every day,  Wall Street savings bankers organize MA dealings,  which transport Divide corporations jointly  to form  bigger ones. When theyre not generating big corporations from smaller ones, corporate finance transactions do the overturn and smash up corporations during spin-offs, carve-outs  or tracking inventory. On standard, big MA transactions causes the domestic currency of the objective companies to value by 1% relation to the acquirers. For every one billion dollar transaction, the currency of the objective company augmented in worth by 0.5%. More particularly, the statement originate that in the era instantaneously after the deal is publicized, there is normally a strong growing association in the objective companies domestic currency (relation to the acquirers currency). This quick raise has taken many MA firms by revelation because the popular of them never had to believe acquiring the capabilities or skills necessary to efficiently handle this category of contract. In the past, the markets are deficient in of implication and a more severely nationwide approach prohibited the enormous preponderance of minute and mid-sized corporations from allowing for cross border intermediation as an alternative which left MA firms unproven in this ground. APPLE COMPUTERS INC. AND NEXT SOFTWARE INC. MERGER Sources: http://www.apple.com/, http://www.nextcomputers.org http://www.objectfarm.org/index.html On the 20.December 1996 the enthusiasm Brothers reunited and saw the light. Apple Computers Inc. and NeXT Software Inc. declare that they will merge their technologies and that Steve Jobs will return, as a advisor, to the corporation he established 20 years before. One of the coolest bands in processor record was receiving back jointly and at least some populace was secure that there would be plenty of really cool belongings occurrence in the close to future. The Plan Back in 1996 Apple was in bottomless difficulty because hardware sales were deprived and the unsellable stock was growing day by day. The crisis was connected to replica manufacturers, who participated with Apple in an already small promote, and Apples baffling and not very wonderful product line up. The Mac OS ongoing to show its age and with the opening of Windows 95 it became really hard to induce people of the reimbursement that the Mac stage would suggest. Numerous years and still more dollars have been invested in a current substitute, system named Copeland, but it was still not ready for major time when Apples faced the rising monetary problems. The company was not only desperately shopping for a new working system (even consider Windows NT at one point) but had to effort with a traditionally low stock price and the awaiting danger of a aggressive capture from some of the big rivals. NeXT had no easy era as well. The expansion of the OPENSTEP working system was almost halted because annoying to keep up with the speedily altering Intel world was like hostility a behind clash without hold up from the hardware manufactures. NeXT drifted into the place of a Windows NT expansion tool supplier with focus on enterprise computing and vibrant web page creation. WebObjects was the only invention left, which had an actual future. NeXT and Apple fortunately realizes that they were in the exclusive location to lastly evidence that sometimes: 1+1=3 Both corporations had significant and established technologies which the other was absent and a amalgamation would make an amazingly immense scheme. in addition that Apple had its possess, still well appreciated, hardware stage and a universal resale canal whereas NeXT had a streamlined, competent association, a good standing in the IT subdivisions of large companies and they had well Steve Jobs. Rhapsody A latest working scheme plan was poorly wanted and so a latest road map had to be haggard over the holidays which could be obtainable to the depress and Apples consumer and developer society at MacWorld, which was seized in January 1997. The new young were primarily policy named enthusiasm and someway the name did well like a glove. The system had the possible of flattering an classic poem which brings an outstanding OS to stylish and influential hardware. The Big Picture After the amalgamation the conventional Mac OS followed a very easy liberate outline: main release formerly a year, in addition slight updates semi a year later. This was piece of the NeXT pressure in the software expansion subdivision which was now headed by Avie Tevanian. The centers transferred to permanent liberate dates instead of fixed attribute sets. The discharge dates have been mostly ambitious by the require to maintain latest hardware which in most cases necessary updated drivers or maintain for special skin. Mac OS 8.0 was exclusion because knocking the edition number was essential for Apple in arrange to get relieve of the replica hardware construct. They would need a latest permit if they required remaining up with Apple and Apple (read Steve Jobs) would not funding them such a permit for a comparable negotiate like they did under the old concurrence. This essentially killed the sell of Apple duplicate. Agreed the complication of amalgamation two working scheme it was understandable that it would take at slightest two main amendment before a meeting could be achieved. Enlargement on Mac OS 8 ongoing before the amalgamation, so it would take a Mac OS 9 to arrange the changeover to a fundamentally dissimilar scheme. Apple become stronger, more positive and more well-liked once more. The supply was increasing and Apple was back in trade foremost the business again the Apple product was stronger than increasingly and the corporation was promotion hardware like passionate which in turn concerned more developers to the stage. CPM Competitive Profile Matrix Source: hhtp://www.prenhall.com/david Apple HP Dell Critical Success Factors Weight Rating Weighted Score Rating Weighted Score Rating Weighted Score Market Share Price Financial Position Product Quality Consumer Loyalty Advertising Management Global Expansion Innovation Web Development 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.14 0.05 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 2 4 3 0.20 0.20 0.45 0.60 0.60 0.16 0.24 0.12 0.56 0.15 3 3 4 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.45 0.30 0.08 0.18 0.12 0.28 0.10 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 0.40 0.40 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.12 0.18 0.18 0.28 0.15 Total 1.00 3.28 2.71 3.06 Apple computer Inc. standing before merger with Next as compare to their rivals in the above competitive profile matrix which show the outstanding position of Apple computer international against HP and Dell 2. REASONS WHY MANY MERGER AND ACQUISIONS ARE DEEMED TO HAVE FAILED OR UNDERPERFORMED Source: IPM survey on obstacles to cross-border mergers and acquisitions In recent years strategic mergers have gotten a bad name, to the extent that some pundits have defined strategic mergers as those where the acquiring company overpays. While the price paid for a company is a critical determinant of the success of the resulting Acquisition, there is no inherent reason, why mergers that are strategically well conceived, should go away. In fact, the evidence is quite opposite. These are difficult questions that require careful, objective pre-acquisition analysis. The tendency for companies in the heat of battle to overstate the real strategic benefits of a deal is a definite problem that must be guarded against pressures that arise from the desire to close a deal quickly before rival bidders appear, cultural and sometimes language barriers that create uncertainty, and the often emotionally charged atmosphere surrounding negotiations, work against this requirement of objectivity. The best solution in this case is to enter the MA mode with a carefully developed framework that addresses the key questions, and to stick to that framework in evaluating a potential acquisition candidate even when the seemingly inevitable strains arise. Our own research and experience indicates that the highest potential cross border MAs tend to be between firms that share similar or complementary operations in such key areas as production and marketing. When two companies share similar core businesses there are often opportunities for economies of scale at various stages of the value chain (e.g., RD, manufacturing, sales and marketing, distribution, etc.). Consider all that must go right in any (same-country) acquisition: The two companies must reach agreement on which goods and services will be obtainable, which facility or group will have primary responsibility for making this occur, who will be in allege of each of these amenities or groups, where will the predictable cost investments come from, what will the separation of labor seem resembling in the managerial group, what schedule to chase that will greatest make the latent synergies of the contract, and myriad other issues that are complex, detailed, and immediate. On top of all this the merging companies must continue to compete and serve their customers in a competitive marketplace. Now, take all these challenges, and add a completely new set of problems that arise from the fundamental differences that exist across countries. Consider, for example, for all the similarities that a global imperative places on companies, the very real differences in how business is conducted in, s ay, Europe, Japan, and the United States. These differences involve Corporate governance, the power of rank and file employees, worker job security, regulatory environments, customer expectations, and country culture all representing additional layers of complexity that executives engaged in cross-border MAs must manage. Is it any wonder that cross border mergers are potential minefields that require the utmost care? Fortunately, there are some basic principles that will make cross-border mergers work more smoothly. They can be divided into the imperatives of strategic logic and acquisition integration. Cultural Integration in the Process of Cross-Border Merger and Acquisition Cross-border amalgamation and acquirement (MA) play a significant component in foreign direct investment (FDI). In the course of cross-border MA, the venture occupied will stumble upon civilizing distinction and argument. How to add these cultural differences and abolish the conflicts becomes a significant issue for the venture. Civilizing combination abolishes conflicts happening from civilizing dissimilarity by classifying and merging the principles, psychosomatic states and performance modes of different communities. The cross-border MA cultural integration inherits and rectifies the emotional agreement of the intention corporation for minimizing the quantity of civilizing conflicts and forming the miscellany and agreement due to the civilizing dissimilarity in multi-national venture (Apple Next, 2009). Cross-border MA civilizing incorporation seek to reduce cultural differences as much as possible in the acquired company. Therefore, whether the cultural integration is successful or not is critical to the success or failure of a cross-border MA. In general, the following problems should be solved in cultural integration of cross-border MA. First, it should coordinate the cultural differences of peoples and states to promote understanding and communicating between the different communities in one enterprise and to avoid the negative influence arising from the different thinking models, behaviors, and values. Second, it should coordinate the different company cultures to eliminate the barriers in leadership styles, communication models, personnel system, performance appraisals, and social security benefits. Third, it should establish the companys core values by integrating diverse cultures to improve the companys creativity and competitiveness. Fourth, the effective integration of the companies cultures could provide conditions beneficial for the integration of operations. Therefore, cultural integration of cross-border MA plays an important role in helping the company maximize its capital, technique, sales, and other advantages. Method for Cultural Integration of Cross-Border MA Cultural integration of cross-border MA is a process to coordinate diverse cultures and make them mutually exist and develop within an enterprise. However, cultural integration is not as simple as merging all the different cultures into one, but a process to form a new multinational corporate model by selecting, absorbing, and integrating cultures. Cross cultural management is an effective method of realizing the cultural integration of cross-border MA successfully. Cross-cultural management refers to a system that an enterprise, in the course of MA, selects adaptive pattern of cross-culture management, overcomes conflicts and unfavorable influences, converts the negative factors into positive factors, and gains power of the cultural synergy. Cross-cultural management has its own principles and patterns, which shall be followed in the process of fulfilling cross-cultural management. Basic principles of cross-cultural management lie in respecting and understanding the cultures of othe rs, placing importance on communication, and making adaptive changes. People are the core of cross-cultural management. Culture is reflected in the thinking and behavior of people. Management is all about getting the best performance out of people. The buyer should respect the culture of the target company and try to understand the culture. The company should not use fixed values to judge the other companys culture, but should synthesize the companys strategic significance with its culture. Communicating with each other effectively and understanding each others culture is the most effective way to eliminate cultural conflicts. Establishing a new culture after MA is the amalgamation of different cultures and need not have the cultural imprint of a certain country or nationality. It will be a combination of different cultures. These four principles are interdependent and in the whole make up the basic principles of Cross-cultural management. There are four models of cross culture mana gement to resolve the cultural differences between the buyer and target companies. The first model is localization strategy, which refers to when each subsidiary of the company located in other regions or nations is regarded as an independent entity so that the strategy and decision of the subsidiary can be made according to the local conditions. The parent companys operating model is not imposed on the subsidiary. Rather, the management policy is made according to the local conditions. When the company is recruiting managers or other staff, there is little consideration given to their nationality or where they come from. The buyer respects the local culture and benefits from the localization strategy. The second model is transplanting the culture of the parent company. In this model, the buyer appoints its people to manage the target company in order to guarantee communication between the buyer and the target, and the buyer supervises and controls the target. As a result, the buyer can transplant its culture into the target company and gradually get the local staff to accept its culture. The third model is the cultural innovation by integration. In this model, the cultures of buyer and target companies coexist; a new culture and management pattern are formed through the integration of the two cultures. Cultural innovation can maximize the cross-cultural advantage. The fourth pattern uses evasion tactics. In this model, when there is a tremendous cultural gap between the buyer and the target, it is necessary for the manager appointed by the buyer to avoid the key cultural differences. Under this circumstance, the third party shall be asked to bridge the gap between cultures. This model does not address the problem and has considerable limitations. I n general, it only can be used as a transitional method. Buyers can select one or a combination of two or more of these four patterns, taking into consideration the cultural character of themselves and their targets, to culturally integrate.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Kenneth Branaghs Loves Labours Lost :: Kenneth Branagh Love Labour Lost Essays

Kenneth Branagh's Love's Labour's Lost In our teaching of Shakespearean film adaptation to undergraduates, one of the issues that frequently arises in class discussions is the question of how the visuality of the cinematic medium is constructed in tension against the verbal nature of Shakespeare's dialogue. The tension between the visual and verbal dimensions of filming Shakespeare is created on two levels: firstly, where the poetry of Shakespeare, functioning as word pictures that stimulate and enhance the imagination of the spectator is set against the capacity of film to show rather than tell; and secondly, where the adaptation negotiates with the canonicity of the Shakespearean text through the mode of the popular.[1] One recent example is Baz Luhrmann's Romeo + Juliet (1996) in which the play was made to compete radically with what has been called Luhrmann's 'MTV'-inspired editing, pacing and styling. [2] Another is Branagh's Hamlet (1996), where the concentrated effort to retain every single line of the play created its own burden of visualisation.[3] The creative energy of a Shakespearean film adaptation is often sustained by the dynamic of creating a visual track to 'match' the play's dialogue; in other words, by the question of what images can be used to animate or do 'justice' to Shakespeare's text. Where Shakespeare on film had once been expected to retain the traits of 'high' theatre and art, complete with 'authentic' period costumes,[4] recent adaptations have become more adventurous, liberally adopting popular idioms and surprising expectations of 'Shakespeare' by visual styles drawn from contemporary entertainment.[5] Kenneth Branagh's Love's Labour's Lost (2000), the focus of this paper, adapts Shakespeare's play to the American movie musical, but it depends less on creating a contemporary visual track that runs parallel to the text than on interpolating an aural one which intercepts and weaves another lyric and melodic text into it. Samuel Crowl argues that the musical is a 'very American' genre, which he surmises accounts for the relative lack of success of the film (40). In our analysis, we will discuss the conversion of Shakespeare's poetic form into the musical form, and explore how the engagement of the spectator's aural experience (i.e. through the music and songs) is as important as the visual, if not more so, in negotiating the transfer of Shakespeare to the screen. We have identified three strategies of adaptation which we will discuss in the three sections of this essay firstly, the exchange of poetry with popular song; secondly, the construction of spectatorship and listenership as recovery and recollection; and finally, the performativity that mediates between the poetic and musical forms.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Tension In California Politics Essay -- American Government, Proposit

Being part of a nation that is founded on the pillars of democracy, it seems to make sense to give the people a voice in the governing process. In California as well as other states, the initiative and referendum process is a tool of direct democracy utilized by the citizens. California allows statutory and constitutional initiatives to be placed on the ballot. In a utopian world, direct democracy is an ideal form of governance for it gives the people the power to decide; however, direct democracy is an idealistic tool for it gives the ability to create policy and constitutional changes to people who are not knowledgeable of the issue. William Jennings Bryan argues that direct democracy such as the initiative and referendum process does not decrease the importance of the legislative body nor does it take away the authority of the legislators elected into the legislature. However, it is evident that past propositions had a great impact on the function of the legislature by changing its institutional processes and norms. Through the passage of different initiatives pertaining to the legislature, it is undeniable that the relationship of direct democracy and the California legislature has created tension in Californian politics. In order to understand how the tension formed, we must address the changes that the initiatives brought to the legislative system. Addressing the consequence and benefit of the passage of propositions on the legislature is crucial in understanding the formed tension. We must also address how direct democracy has impeded the function of the legislature. By tackling these issues, we will better understand the tension it created in Californian politics. First, initiatives like any other issues have two sid... ...th the legislative body. The premise that direct democracy has impeded the job of the legislature is evident. We see that the usage of direct democracy has created a tension in California politics. The initiative process is not solely used by the citizens but by legislators as well. Tension is created when the job of legislator and the function of the legislature are affected. However, there is lack of tension when the initiative benefits the legislature. The constraint created by the passage of Proposition 13 and 140 contribute to the tension and only reinforces it. Although we see a tension between direct democracy and the California legislature, it does not mean the legislature lost its full authority but rather slowly decrease some of it. The legislature cannot lose full authority for the legislative body is an integral part of representative governing.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Vershire Porter’s Five Forces

1. Prepare an industry analysis using Porter’s 5 Forces model. What are the key determinants of Vershire’s aluminium can profitability? Explain. (20%) * Barriers to entry I would suggest that the barriers to entry are relatively high in this industry. Although there would not be huge capital requirement to enter into the aluminum cans producing business and customer-switching costs are considered to be low, the fact is that the competition in this industry is very intense. There are already many aluminium cans manufacturers exist in the market, with some large packaging manufacturers dominating the market shares.Some large beverage processors even manufacture cans themselves (one large beverage company produced one-third of its own container requirement and ranked one of the top five beverage producers in the industry). Also, three of the global aluminum supplier companies also themselves manufacture aluminum containers. Although there would be high demand in the indust ry (from both small and large breweries and soft drink bottlers), there are too many competitors that could keep new entrants out of the market. * Power of suppliers There are four global companies supplied aluminum to can producers: UC Rusal, Alcoa, Alcan, Chalco (as shown below).There are many buyers (can producers) in the market while there are only few major suppliers. In addition, aluminum is a highly differentiated product. Resources of bauxites, the raw material for aluminum, are not widespread throughout the world. The main deposit of high-quality bauxites are already dived by those main players. Therefore, whoever owns the resources ‘wins the game’. Today the ‘Big Ten’ aluminium manufacturers are: Although it can be argued that steel is one of the substitutes, aluminum has many advantages over steel: it is easier to shape and allowing more attractive packaging; it reduces the problems of flavouring and it educes the transportation costs because of its lighter weight. Therefore, there would be constant demand for aluminum because of its beneficial nature. According to the above, I would say that the power of supplier is extremely high in the aluminum can manufacture industry. * Buyer (customer) power Buyer power is relatively high in the aluminum can manufacturing industry. Their buyers are primarily the soft drink bottlers, which are small independent franchisees of Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola. Most of these customers maintained at least two or more suppliers and spread purchases among those suppliers.Thus, in order to retain customers, division must meet customer’s cost and quality specification or its standards for delivery and service, otherwise customer would turn to another supplier. * Threat of substitutes As I have mentioned above, one of the substitutes of aluminum can is steel can. Yet there are a lot of advantages of aluminum over steel. A ton of scrap aluminum has almost three times the value of a ton of scrap steel. Other substitutes for breweries and soft drink bottlers would be plastic or glass bottle.An study conducted by the metal can industry leader, Silgan Containers, revealed that 81 percent of shoppers prefer metal cans compared to 9 percent for plastic and 6 percent for glass. In addition, Aluminum is a more attractive recycling material compare to steel, plastic or glass. A US record also showed that 56 billion aluminum cans were recycled in 2010. Aluminum never wear out, it can be recycled forever. Therefore, aluminum is still considered to be the most attractive material for the can manufacturing business. * Rivalry amongst competitorsCompetition is high in this industry in term of supplier power, customer power and number of competitors as mentioned above. Conclusion As Vershire is one of the largest manufacturers of aluminum cans in the industry, it is assumed that it has access to sufficient raw material to produce aluminum cans. They would also have large number of loyal customers but just the matters of maintaining their high level of products and on-time delivery. I would argue that the key determinants of Vershire’s aluminium can profitability would be the costs of the production. A lower costs while maintaining its quality can attract new customers.Thus, the relationship with suppliers could become critical. Vershire could renegotiate prices and develop long-term relationship with one or two suppliers. Cutting costs in purchasing can be a big saving for the company. Vershire could also improve its production efficiency to eliminate unnecessary production costs. 2. Which of Porter’s generic strategies is Vershire following? (10%) Porter claims that there are two ways of responding to the opportunities in the external environment and developing a competitive advantage, there are: cost leadership and differentiator.Veshire would most likely be a cost leader. Aluminum can itself is not a highly differentiated product. Every metal can m anufacturer produces the same kind of product. In addition, most of the customers maintain two or more suppliers. In other word, if a manufacturer failed to meet the customer’s cost and quality specification, it is very likely that the manufacturer would lose the customers. Therefore, being a cost leader is essential in this industry and it is the strategy adopted in Vershire.

Monday, September 16, 2019

Chronicles of Narnia

Chronicles of Narnia The Chronicles of Narnia research paper The Chronicle of Narnia is a very interesting book, it has a classic Good vs. Evil plot. In this story four brave children a saved land. The book and the movie did not have many differences except for some that were small. To begin the plot of the book, the story takes place during the Second World War in London. Their father was gone in the war and they were living with their mother, there city was getting bombed so they were forced to evacuate. Their mother sent them away to live with Professor Digory Kirke who lived on the country side. They were very bored on a rainy day in England and decided to play hiding go seek. Lucy who was the youngest child was the weakest emotionally and was many times rejected cause of her young age. While in the house playing the game she stumbled upon a room in the back of the house hidden and secluded, were she decided to go. Struggling to find a place to hide she came upon a wardrobe. While in the wardrobe she discovers that it was a portal to a snow covered forest. She was so amazed by her unexpected path into this hidden world, while searching a looking around this land she met a faun. He introduces himself as Mr. Tumnus who invites her home for some tea. Once in the house he began to talk to her, telling her about Narnia an how once it was a beautiful land until it was taken over by the evil White witch who covered the land in snow. After speaking with Mr. Tumnus on this, she had to return to her home, having spent hours in Narnia, to find that only a few minutes have passed in England. She finds her sibling an explains to them of her indifferent experience in a strange land called Narnia. She is unable to convince the others of her adventure as the wardrobe now appears merely as a wardrobe. Several weeks later another game of hide and seek is going on when Lucy and Edmund both hide in the wardrobe, and find that It leads to Narnia. This time in Narnia Edmund and Lucy both have different experiences. While in Narnia, Edmund fails to catch up with Lucy and encounters a pale lady on a sledge, after reviling her identity Edmund is unaware of her evil hold on the land of Narnia and that by using him she can gain acces to the other children an stop the prophecies from being fulfilled, but she wins him over with a few Turkish delights. After returning from Narnia this time Lucy has someone who can tell of their adventure but Edmund denies all things that happened in Narnia and the land itself. A few days later all four children scramble to avoid Mrs. Macready who is showing some visitors around the house. They hide in the wardrobe and find themselves in Narnia. Lucy guides them to Mr. Tumnus’s cave were they found that he had been arrested by the White Witch for having Lucy in his cave, they also ransacked the cave and destroyed all things. A pair of two talking beavers (Mr. and Mrs. Beaver) who shelter the children and recount an ancient prophecy that the witches power will fail when the two sons of Adam and two daughters of eve will fill the four thrones at Cair Parvel. The beavers reveal that the true king of Narnia is great Lion King named Aslant. Edmund, who is still caught up in the witches lies runs away to her castle still thinking she is honest with, while the other children go off in search for Aslant who is the only one at the time with guidance and a solution . When Edmund arrives at the White Witches’s castle she treats him badly when she finds out that he did not return with his siblings, which was the only reason she befriended Edmund. Meanwhile the children find aslant and speak with him the go off in search for their betraying brother. They save Edmund just as he is about to be killed. This presents a problem because although they saved him the witch has claim to all traitors, but aslant (who is the representative of good and purity), sacrifices himself in his place, for one who is pure can serve as a sacrifice in the place of one who is impure. Aslant is sacrificed, but comes back to life through a deeper magic. Afterwards the children wage war against the evil White Witch an her army in a classic Good vs. Evil fight. In the Final Battle the white which is destroyed by aslant and the prophecies are fulfilled. Then the children are then taken to the castle were they see that the people of Narnia have been freed from the evil witches bondage ,then the four children are then named the Kings and Queens of Narnia.. There were some differences in the book but the movie played out nicely although it exaggerated such things, the author’s purpose was not lost. Some differences about the book and movie were that in the movie the white witch froze the whole land of Narnia but in the book they were stone. Also in the last battle the movie portrayed the witch as the ultimate fighting machine who was unstoppable and killing everyone but in the book she didn’t come to the fight until the end an she only tried to kill Peter. Also at 1:45 movie time you see the beavers telling the children of the prophecy when in the book Aslant revealed this to them. Other than that the movie and the book had the same things in common the authors point was never really lost due to the fact that this author past years ago but his stories an legacy live on an were portrayed well in the movie. ?

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Hugh Hefner Essay

Hugh Hefner was an extraordinary innovator, entrepreneur and revolutionist. The sex obsessed pop culture and generation can recognize the seed of its foundation for being planted by a man who chose to do as he wished. Still yet to be uprooted despite its negative nature, the media has embraced sex as a great advertisement. Hugh Hefner fits into a special category of leadership called transformational. Transformational leaders enhance their followers’ morale and performance through various avenues and that’s exactly what Mr. Hefner completed. In a world where public indecency was frowned upon and sexual behaviors were kept behind closed doors, Hugh Hefner did the unthinkable. Although Hefner was successful in his career, he was not always proactive. During his early years, Hugh Hefner was called unenthusiastic by his professors and teachers. Surprisingly, that is a key is a key element to any type of leadership, positive or negative. Luckily that attribute developed for Mr. Hefner which enabled him to become a great professional and businessman. Later on Hugh Hefner served in the United States army for two years and resigned in 1946. During his time in the army Mr. Hefner did not exhibit great leadership skills as well. It would seem that Hugh Hefner was not born a leader according to the text. Though he was blessed with traits of the Great Man theories, he lacked skill and application of leadership. After Hugh Hefner’s retirement from the army he enrolled in college at the University of Illinois. Hugh Hefner was not a very involved student during his college career but he managed to land a job at the widely know Esquire Magazine corporation. Starting off as a typewriter, Mr. Hefner worked his way to become a publicist, b ut quit after he was denied a five dollar raise. That attitude showed the Hugh Hefner was detrimined to make money and was not taking no for an answer. It all started when Hugh was taking a few graduate sociology courses at Northwestern University; he wrote a paper about the Kinsey report, which produced a more open discussion of sexual acts in America. Mr. Hefner is widely known as the greatest bachelor of all time due to his Playboy magazine which first launched in December 1953. After Mr. Hefner’s first publications began to sale featuring Marilyn Monroe, the critics stepped in. Even though earning a staggering forty three million dollars in net worth feels great, it does not come easily. While people called Mr. Hefner things like pervert and degenerate, his money began to speak and people began to listen. Soon those criticizing words changed into rebel and genius. It was a terrific time to release a new sexy magazine right after the great depression. People needed something to get their minds off of the economy and nothing does that better than sex. Playboy magazine was named after an automobile company in Chicago because Hugh Hefner thought it resembled high class and high class is what he became. As CEO and owner of Playboy magazine Mr. Hefner is in a class of his own. Mr. Hefner being himself and sticking to an idea that fought so much controversy at its time of creation represents volume to his authentic style of leadership. Hugh Hefner has been an icon and trendsetter in the Anglo culture and will be remember for a long time. He shaped media and transformed it into something new. Professional Hugh Hefner is an icon of business and entrepreneurship but how does the common American view him? Though Hugh Hefner has made great contributions in business, what has his efforts done to society? With most great businessmen there reaches a debate of morality and ethics. On the side of business you have a man that transformed mass media and produced more revenue. While on the side of morality you have a man that made a country lustful mainstream sex addicts. The real question is that what can you classify Mr. Hefner as; pseudo transformational or transformational? Was his personal achievement worth the so called â€Å"perversion† of media? In the business aspect, sex is the most widely used form of advertising since the release of Playboy and yes it sells. The term sex sells means as true statement. People want to feel sexy and the want to feel attractive, so if a product is conveying that message then why not buy it? The level of sexual content in advertisements has definitely got out of control since the 60s but there are more channels of communication in media now. Some individuals may say that Mr. Hefner is not responsible for everybody’s’ actions. The opposition could say that leaders, especially transformational ones are the ground breakers and innovators who people follow. It is true that Hefner brought change to marketing and media because that’s what transformational leaders do; they bring change. Other than his external impact on society as a businessman Hugh Hefner’s internal love for his employees will always be remembered. The famous Playboy mansion is home to all of Hefner’s employees if wanted. Each Playboy bunny is given a salary and has virtually no living expenses under Hefner’s management. While living in the playboy mansion, institutional collectivism is greatly reinforced. According to the Michigan University studies Hugh Hefner would produce an employee oriented management. His high consideration for his employees would back that statement. As a leader, living with your bottom level employees is a noble deed and shows his openness as a leader. The technical term for that practice is called authentic leadership and Mr. Hefner is just that. From an outward perspective it seems as if working for Mr. Hefner has a lot of positives. It would appear that all employees would be considered as members of the in group but the everyday relationship between him and his employees is uncertain. He created an environment where people could feel like they were trusted at the Playboy mansion. Mr. Hefner did not stop with a just a magazine, he created an enterprise and true corporation. Like a real entrepreneur Mr. Hefner added on a hotel, trademark clothing accessories and clubs. Though most of his projects were unsuccessful, Playboy still remained profitable due to the success of the magazine. Further analysis of Mr. Hefner as businessman is important to understand if an individual wants to critique his leadership abilities. Throughout the years many studies have taken place on leadership and Hugh Hefner proves most correct. Under a diagnostic of the three skill approach created by Katz in 1955 Mr. Hefner would be a great example of upper level management. As we know, human skills are required in all levels of management. This shows the important of communication in organization. If a person lacks good communication skills most likely they will not be an effective businessman. According to Katz’s theory, top level management requires a high level of conceptual thinking. Luckily Mr. Hefner was granted a 152 on his IQ test, so quick problem solving capabilities come naturally to him. As far as technical skills, Mr. Hefner definitely possesses them but now he does not have to continue using them in his current position. Referring back to Katz’s theory, upper level management does not need technical skills because their job now involves overseeing the company to fit standard and tradition. However, one could see a flaw in that people will not respect someone who is above them but cannot complete every task at hand. Fortunately, that is not a problem for Hugh Hefner having work for a rival magazine which he eventually overcame in market share. Hugh Hefner according to the skills model possessed most if not all the individual attributes and competencies which manifested great leadership outcomes. There is no doubt that Mr. Hefner obtained both general and crystallized cognitive abilities through traits and education. It would appear that his motivation came from monetary value as a lot of great businessmen. Hence him quitting his job at Esquire only to create a better magazine and more revenue in his bank account. His competencies were second nature due to his genius level IQ and out came one of the greatest bachelors and entrepreneurs of all time. In 1959, two brilliant young men Raven and French created the five bases of social power. The five bases is a great way to analyze Mr. Hefner’s impact socially within the company of Playboy. Hugh Hefner’s main sources of social power came from referent, expert, legitimate and reward. Hugh Hefner uses expert social power because he has a great understanding and knowledge of the magazine industry, which he has been working in for over 60 years now. He has legitimate power because he was once the CEO, but still owns the company. Mr. Hefner definitely tries to show off his reward power with to his employees with free lavish living at the Playboy mansion. Further into his career Hugh Hefner suffered a stroke that could have ended fatally. Due to his stroke, Mr. Hefner passed down Playboy enterprises to Christie Hefner, his daughter which had been working for Playboy in the editorial staff. Like a real leader Mr. Hefner never stepped down and still serves on the executive board. His love and compassion for his company kept it going strong while he led by example. Mr. Hefner will be remembered as a lot of things but one of them is undeniable, he is a true leader. Hugh Hefner was inducted into the Hall of Fame of the American Society of Magazine Editors in 1998 and also received the Henry Johnson Fisher award, which is the highest award for a magazine publisher in America. Since retirement Hugh Hefner has spent most of his time doing philanthropy.